Table of Drajyor initial consonants (Syllables pronounced by Lobsang Zatul) | ||||||
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1. unvoiced high tone | 2. unvoiced low tone | 3. voiced low tone | 4. voiced prenasalized | 5. unvoiced aspirated high tone | 6. unvoiced aspirated prenasalized high tone | |
1. velar | GA | GĂ | GÁ | GÀ | KA | KÀ |
ཀ་ རྐ་ ལྐ་ སྐ་ དཀའ་ བཀའ་ བརྐ་ བསྐ་ | ག་ | རྒ་ ལྒ་ སྒ་ དགའ་ བགའ་ བརྒ་ བསྒ་ | མགའ་ འགའ་ | ཁ་ | མཁའ་ འཁའ་ | |
2. alveo-palatal | JA | JĂ | JÁ | JÀ | QA | QÀ |
ཅ་ ལྕ་ གཅའ་ བཅའ་ | ཇ་ | རྗ་ ལྗ་ བརྗ་ | མཇའ་ འཇའ་ | ཆ་ | མཆའ་ འཆའ་ | |
3. dental | DA | DĂ | DÁ | DÀ | TA | TÀ |
ཏ་ རྟ་ ལྟ་ སྟ་ གཏའ་ བཏའ་ བརྟ་ བལྟ་ བསྟ་ | ད་ | རྡ་ ལྡ་ སྡ་ གདའ་ བདའ་ བརྡ་ བལྡ་ བསྡ་ ཟླ་ བཟླ་ | མདའ་ འདའ་ | ཐ་ | མཐའ་ འཐའ་ | |
4. bilabial | BA | BĂ | BÁ | BÀ | PA | PÀ |
པ་ ལྤ་ སྤ་ དཔའ་ | བ་ | རྦ་ ལྦ་ སྦ་ | འབའ་ | ཕ་ | འཕའ་ | |
5. affricate | ZA | ZĂ | ZÁ | ZÀ | CA | CÀ |
ཙ་ རྩ་ སྩ་ གཙའ་ བཙའ་ བརྩ་ བསྩ་ | ཛ་ | རྫ་ སྫ་ བརྫ་ | མཛའ་ འཛའ་ | ཚ་ | འཚའ་ མཚའ་ | |
1. unvoiced high tone | 2. unvoiced low tone | 3. voiced low tone | 4. unvoiced reinforced | |||
6. fricative | XA | XĂ | XÁ | XÀ | ||
ཤ་ | ཞ་ | གཞའ་ བཞའ་ | གཤའ་ བཤའ་ ཤྲ་ | |||
7. sibilant | SA | SĂ | SÁ | SÀ | ||
ས་ | ཟ་ | གཟའ་ བཟའ་ | སྲ་ གསའ་ བསའ་ བསྲ་ | |||
1. unvoiced high tone | 2. unvoiced low tone | 3. voiced low tone | 4. voiced prenasalized | 5. unvoiced aspirated high tone | 6. unvoiced aspirated prenasalized high tone | |
8. +ya | GYA | GYĂ | GYÁ | GYÀ | KYA | KYÀ |
ཀྱ་ རྐྱ་ སྐྱ་ དཀྱ་ བཀྱ་ བརྐྱ་ བསྐྱ་ | གྱ་ | རྒྱ་ དགྱ་ བགྱ་ བརྒྱ་ སྒྱ་ བསྒྱ་ | འགྱ་ | ཁྱ་ | མཁྱ་ འཁྱ་ | |
JYA | JYĂ | JYÁ | JYÀ | QYA | QYÀ | |
པྱ་ སྤྱ་ དཔྱ་ | བྱ་ | སྦྱ་ | འབྱ་ | ཕྱ་ | འཕྱའ་ | |
9. +ra | DRA | DRĂ | DRÁ | DRÀ | TRA | TRÀ |
ཀྲ་ ཏྲ་ པྲ་ སྤྲ་ དཔྲ་ | གྲ་ དྲ་ བྲ་ | སྒྲ་ དགྲ་ བགྲ་ བསྒྲ་ སྦྲ་ | མགྲ་ འགྲ་ འདྲ་ འབྲ་ | ཁྲ་ ཐྲ་ ཕྲ་ | མཁྲ་ འཁྲ་ འཕྲ་ | |
1. low tone | 2. high tone | 3. more nasal | 4. low tone | 5. high tone | 6. more nasal | |
10. nasal | ŊA | ŊÁ | ŊÀ | ÑA | ÑÁ | ÑÀ |
ང་ | རྔ་ ལྔ་ དངའ་ མངའ་ | སྔ་ བསྔ་ | ཉ་ | རྙ་ གཉའ་ མཉའ་ བརྙ་ མྱ་ རྨྱ་ | སྙ་ བསྙ་ སྨྱ་ | |
NA | NÁ | NÀ | MA | MÁ | MÀ | |
ན་ | རྣ་ མནའ་ བརྣ་ གནའ་ | སྣ་ བསྣ་ སྣྲ | མ་ | རྨ་ དམའ་ | སྨ་ སྨྲ་ | |
1. low tone | 2. high tone | 3. low tone | 4. high tone | |||
11. semi-vowel | YA | YÁ | WA | WÁ | ||
ཡ་ | གཡའ་ དབྱ་ རྱ་ | ཝ་ | དབའ་ | |||
1. low tone | 2. high tone | |||||
12. liquid | RA | RÁ | ||||
ར་ | དབྲ་ | |||||
13. alveolar constrictive | LA | LÁ | ||||
ལ་ | ཀླ་ གླ་ བླ་ རླ་ སླ་ | |||||
1. unvoiced high tone | 2. unvoiced low tone | 3. unvoiced aspirated high tone | 4. unvoiced high tone | 5. unvoiced low tone | 6. voiced low tone | |
14. other | A | HĂ | HA | HRA | LHA | -VA |
ཨ་ | འ་ | ཧ་ | ཧྲ་ | ལྷ་ | -བ་ |
THE TEN FINAL CONSONANTS |
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Final letters to be pronounced non voiced, after the vowel: |
• -g is pronounced like a very light k, shortening the previous vowel (example: NAG) |
• -d* is pronounced like a very light, and the sound of the vowel changes (example: ÑID) |
• -b is pronounced like a light -p (example: RAB) |
Final letters to be pronounced as in English |
• -ŋ is pronounced like -ng in ring (example: RIŊ) |
• -m is pronounced -m (example: LAM) |
• -n* is pronounced -n and the sound of the vowel changes (example: YIN) |
Final letter to be pronounced in a lighter way |
• -r is pronounced -r in a lighter way (example: BǍR) |
• -l is pronounced -l in a lighter way, and the sound of the vowel changes. However, according to the pronunciation in Eastern Tibet, the suffix -l does not modify the sound of the vowel (example: SÀL) |
Unpronounced finals |
• -s* is silent (unpronounced) but lengthens and transforms the sound of the previous vowel (example: QOS) |
VOWELS | |
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With NO Final and all the Finals except for -d, -n and -s | * With Finals -d, -n and -s (final -s also lengthens the sound) |
A as in italian | Becomes an open e, like a with German umlaut (ä) (examples: MAD, YAN, NAS) |
I between an italian i and e | i like in italian (examples: ÑID, YIN, DRǏS) |
U as in italian | Becomes ü (examples: YUD, YUN, LUS) |
E like a closed | e as a closed e (examples: MED, LEN, JÉS) |
O like a closed o | Becomes ö (examples: JOD, YON, QOS) |
Syllables after the first one |
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In words having more than one syllable the ones after the first change in the following way: |
1. Aspiration is removed |
2. Syllables with a voiced variant (GĂ, JĂ, DĂ, BĂ, GYĂ, JYĂ and DRĂ) are pronounced voiced |
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